LARGE AREA HYDROLOGIC MODELING AND ASSESSMENT PART I: MODEL DEVELOPMENT1

ABSTRACT: A conceptual, continuous time model called SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) was developed to assist water resource managers in assessing the impact of management on water supplies and nonpoint source pollution in watersheds and large river basins. The model is currently being utilized in several large area projects by EPA, NOAA, NRCS and others to estimate the off-site impacts of climate and management on water use, non-point source loadings, and pesticide contamination. Model development, operation, limitations, and assumptions are discussed and components of the model are described. In Part II, a GIS input/output interface is presented along with model validation on three basins within the Upper Trinity basin in Texas.     

环境水动力数值模拟的研究现状与展望

水动力数值模拟为水环境中污染物的迁移转化提供了重要的背景。水动力数值模拟的发展经历了数值计算、单因素模拟、多因素模拟3个阶段。本文在分析了环境水动力数值模拟的发展过程与研究现状的基础上,结合当前学科发展动态,预测了其未来研究的主要方向。     

水土流失地区农田可持续利用的评价模型研究

通过水土流失地区不同农业生产方式对土地质量及土壤生产力的影响研究,探讨不同作物及其不同的种植方式对农田可持续利用的评价预测模型及土地资源利用的价值核算方法。通过对山西省闻喜县的案例应用验证,表明了在农业可持续发展研究中应用的可行性。     

FHWA模式在港口建设项目环评中的应用

运用美国ＦＨＷＡ公路噪声预测模式对秦皇岛新港口建设引起的相关公路两侧垢学环境变化进行了预测。通过预测与实测结果对比,证明了ＦＨＷＡ模式不仅适用于公路建设项目环境影响评价,而且适合于港口建设项目环境影响评价。     

城市地下水流场人工调控与减灾方案

以郑州市为例,针对城市区域长期过量开采地下水导致的一系列严重的环境地质灾害,诸如地下水水位持续下降形成区域地下水降落漏斗并不断扩张、含水层疏干、供水井吊泵、泉水断流、地下建筑工程浸没、地面沉降和塌陷等,探讨了城市地下水流场人工调控的减灾方案。建立了地下水系统的准三维动态数值仿真模型,以非均质各向同性渗流模型仿真地下水流,用不规则三角网格有限差分法求解了三维数值仿真模型。先解逆问题反求参数,再解正问题计算地下水各项资源量,数值仿真预报地下水渗流场至１９９８年。在此基础上,通过地下水渗流场的宏观调控与优化管理,使研究区内不合理开采地下水资源所引发的环境灾害减小到最低程度,为郑州市的环境减灾工作提供了科学依据。     

An interactive simulation model of urban ecosystem and its implementation

An interactive simulation model is established based on the methodology of "sensitivity model" (SM) during the cooperative research process between the founders of SM and the authors. And the conceptual framework of SM is developed into the interactively qualitative and quantitative simulation model presented in this paper, which makes it possible to break down a complex urban ecosystem into simple and visual quantitative or qualitative relationships between the factors. By studying the dynamic responses of the system to the changes of the inputs and parameters of the model, future trends in urban development can be predicted and strategies formulated. The whole process is realized on micro-computer in the course of man-computer interaction. Its potential use is shown in a case of Tianjin City.     

北京市减污降碳协同控制情景模拟和效应评估

将能源、建筑、产业和交通作为减污降碳重点领域,设置了基准情景、政策情景和强化情景,以2020年为基准年,2035年为目标年,开展北京市大气污染物和CO₂减排潜力测算,并构建了一种协同控制效应分级评估方法,对政策情景和强化情景下大气污染和CO₂协同控制效应进行量化评估.结果表明,与基准情景相比,政策情景和强化情景下大气污染物减排率分别在11%～75%和12%～94%,CO₂分别为41%和52%.优化机动车结构对于NO_x、 VOCs和CO₂的减排贡献最大,政策情景下减排率分别达到74%、 80%和31%,强化情景下分别达到68%、 74%和22%;完成农村地区散煤清洁能源改造对SO₂的减排贡献最大,政策和强化情景下分别达到47%和35%;提升新建建筑绿色化水平对PM₁₀的减排贡献最大,政策和强化情景下分别达到79%和74%.优化出行结构和推动数字基础设施绿色发展的协同控制效应最佳;强化情景下,完成农村地区散煤清洁能源改造、优化机动车结构和...     

Assessment of human exposure to benzene through foods from the Belgian market

Benzene is a volatile organic compound known to be carcinogenic to humans (Group 1) and may be present in food. In the present study, 455 food samples from the Belgian market were analyzed for benzene contents and some possible sources of its occurrence in the foodstuffs were evaluated. Benzene was found above the level of detection in 58% of analyzed samples with the highest contents found in processed foods such as smoked and canned fish, and foods which contained these as ingredients (up to 76.21 μg kg⁻¹). Unprocessed foods such as raw meat, fish, and eggs contained much lower concentrations of benzene. Using the benzene concentrations in food, a quantitative dietary exposure assessment of benzene intake was conducted on a national representative sample of the Belgian population over 15 years of age. The mean benzene intake for all foods was 0.020 μg kg bw d⁻¹ according to a probabilistic analysis. These values are below the minimum risk level for oral chronic exposure to benzene (0.5 μg kg bw d⁻¹).     

A2O氧化沟缺氧区三维流场模拟及结构形式优化

以FLUENT软件为工具,选用三维RNG k-ε紊流数学模型对重庆井口污水厂A2O氧化沟缺氧区内的流场进行模拟,分析了缺氧区内流场分布不均匀及沉泥的原因,提出了水下推进器的合理设置位置与导流墙的合理设置方式,并对优化后的缺氧区进行了模拟计算。通过优化后模拟的结果可见,在相同的功率密度下,缺氧区内的流场得到了较均匀的分布,流速从原来的0.131 m/s提升到0.204 m/s,减少了能量的损失。底部的流速也从原来的0.140 m/s提升到0.226 m/s,有效的防止或减少了沟中的污泥沉积。优化的结果对实际工程的设计也有一定的指导意义。     

A2O氧化沟缺氧区三维流场模拟及结构形式优化

以FLUENT软件为工具，选用三维RNG k-ε紊流数学模型对重庆井口污水厂A²O氧化沟缺氧区内的流场进行模拟，分析了缺氧区内流场分布不均匀及沉泥的原因，提出了水下推进器的合理设置位置与导流墙的合理设置方式，并对优化后的缺氧区进行了模拟计算。通过优化后模拟的结果可见，在相同的功率密度下，缺氧区内的流场得到了较均匀的分布，流速从原来的0.131 m/s提升到0.204 m/s，减少了能量的损失。底部的流速也从原来的0.140 m/s提升到0.226 m/s，有效的防止或减少了沟中的污泥沉积。优化的结果对实际工程的设计也有一定的指导意义。